Function of timer prescaler

Function of timer prescaler. 12. For shorter (8 and 16-bit) timers, there will often be a tradeoff between resolution (high resolution requires a high clock rate) and range (high clock rates cause the timer to overflow more quickly). . For many applications, this is far too fast. This Prescaler is not accessible but can be configured using PS2:PS0 bits of OPTION_REG. However, you can still change it later on in your application using this function. These devices allow you to automate the watering process, ensurin Are you tired of manually turning your lights on and off every day? Do you want to save energy and have more control over your home’s lighting system? Look no further than an in-wa If you’ve recently purchased an Orbit timer for your garden or lawn irrigation system, understanding the instruction manual is crucial to getting the most out of your device. The LED is on when the timer output is low and off when the output is high. The prescaler can take values from 1, 8, 64, 256 or 1024 which is then used to divide the maximum Arduino clock speed i. Prescaler for Timer0/1 P S R 1 0 C le a r c lkT0 T0 c lkI/O May 11, 2018 · I will show you some formulas to keep in mind: (refer: AN4776). e. The prescaler accumulates a prescribed number of bus clocks before issuing a clock tick to the timer. Oct 3, 2013 · For example, if the TMR0 prescaler is set to divide-by-4 and the PIC is running at 4 MHz, the prescaler will send a 250 KHz clock to the TMR0 register. System Clock Each Timer module is a 16-bit timer/counter that consists of the following Special Function Registers (SFRs), which are summarized in Table 14-2: • T1CON: Type A Timer Control Register • TxCON: Type B Timer Control Register • TMRx: Timer Register • PRx: Period Register Each Timer module also has the following associated bits for Nov 24, 2016 · In the internal clock mode, Timer0 operates as a timer and uses the internal (FCPU) clock with or without a pre-scaler. The time also has settings for 2. Feb 7, 2020 · Basic schematic for an LED controlled by a PWM timer . For now, I’d like to focus on using a timer to measure time between events (i. Jan 14, 2020 · This article is the first in a series on “timer/counter” functions in microcontrollers. A prescaler in a hardware timer module is a digital circuit that is used to divide the clock signal’s frequency by a configurable number to bring down the timer clock rate so it takes longer to reach the overflow (maximum count number). One simple yet powerful tool that can help us achiev Are you tired of manually turning your lights on and off every day? Do you want to save energy and have more control over your home’s lighting system? Look no further than an in-wa If you own an Orbit water timer and find yourself in need of some troubleshooting tips, you’ve come to the right place. timerAlarmEnable(timer); Note:There is only one prescaler available which is mutually exclusively shared between the Timer0 module and the Watchdog Timer. STM32 Timer Calculator Online Tool. FIGURE 1-2: TIMER/COUNTER USED AS A TIMER Timer/Counter Module • Increment each time button input goes from high (VDD) to low (0V) R1 R2 SW1 VDD Debounce(1) Note 1: Debounce can be implemented in hardware Aug 2, 2023 · Learn about the prescaler ratio in microcontrollers, its definition, function, and importance. This is because the CPU clock, running at 168 MHz, is divided by 2 and then by prescaler+1, giving a frequency of 168 MHz/2/(83+1)=1 MHz for timer 2. Sep 28, 2017 · U can just choose your series of microcontroller, Crystal frequency, choose timer type, enter the time lapse you want for the timer , choose time unit like ns,us,ms or s and click calculate. Before diving into In today’s fast-paced world, time management is crucial for success in both personal and professional endeavors. Nov 20, 2020 · You only have to replace 2 with a 0 where 2 represents the timer. At the Arduino UNO, that’s 16 MHz. , Timer Clock = FCPU/pre-scaler. This STM32 Timer Calculator Tool Will Help You Automate The Calculation Process For Selecting The Suitable ( ARR & PSC ) register values To Generate Timer Interrupts With any STM32 microcontroller hardware timer. The Prescaler value determines how many clock cycles are required for the counter to increment by one. GPTM Timer A Prescale (GPTMTAPR) register is used to add the required Prescaler value to the timer. The pre-scaler is an integer value that divides the CPU clock to give the Timer Clock, i. Get or set the frequency for the timer (changes prescaler and period if set). For those who have a problem with leavi If you are a speedcuber looking for the perfect tool to enhance your solving experience, look no further than CSTimer. Online timer apps in particular are The timer included with the Scattergories game is set to three minutes by default. Feb 29, 2020 · In the arduino playground, it states that a prescaler of 1 on timer 0 results in a 62. Both Timer 1 and Timer 0 in Mode 0 operate as 8-bit counters (with a divide-by-32 prescaler). Typically, the custom function to read the hardware timer is named get_time( ) or a similar variation. $$f_{tim}=\frac{f_{clock}}{prescaler\cdot period}$$ Basically I want to generate a timer interrupt every n (where n=1,2,3. Jun 7, 2017 · It is an 8-Bit timer and used in timer function such as delay(), millis(). Manual-Hub. A more advanced timer has a prescaler (shown below). Hence, an 8-bit Prescaler can reduce the frequency (16MHz) by 1-255. And then it states that the default setting is roughly 1000 millis() for 1 sec and 64000 millis() for 1 sec with a prescaler of 1. Nov 23, 2020 · After pressing ten times, the time at which the button was pressed is output. This register stores the count value of the current timer. I should be set to one of the frequnecies defined in nrf_timer_frequency_t. See full list on deepbluembedded. Using the prescaler and postscaler at their maximum settings, the overflow time is the same as a 16-bit timer. Discover how to calculate the prescaler ratio and the advantages and disadvantages of different ratios. This allows the counting pace to be precisely adjusted. It may be necessary to contact the manufacturer of the refrigerator if the defrost t Are you looking for a countdown timer website that is free and easy to use? Whether you need a timer for an upcoming event, product launch, or website maintenance, having a reliabl If you have invested in an Orbit water timer, you know how convenient it can be for automating your irrigation system. Abstract: STM32 has powerful timers, including basic timer, comment timer and senior timer. The 4 stat Are you tired of manually turning your lights on and off every day? Look no further than the Noma Programmable Timer, a convenient device that allows you to automate your lighting Problems with Intermatic timers are caused by defective trippers, incorrect wiring, tripped circuit breakers, a faulty time clock motor and incorrectly set power terminals. Therefore, there is the prescaler, which causes the counter to be incremented only every Jul 9, 2015 · The timer's overflow value is usually 16-bits at most (0xFFFF, or 65535), the prescaler must be such that prescaler * overflow >= period_cycles, and 288000. Each timer embeds a linear clock prescaler which allows you to divide the clock by any integer between 1 and 65536. In Scattergories, the basic game rules To locate the defrost timer, remove and examine each of the service panels on the refrigerator. For this, I have chosen the prescaler 256 and the starting value 3036. 125 μs, and Time = 5 ms. With its pristine beaches, turquoise waters and vibrant nightlife, Timers and stopwatches are important tools for fitness and training programs, but they are also helpful for a variety of other activities. It is used to enable/disable or reset the Timer Counter. With a 31 kHz input, Jun 27, 2024 · Each can operate in multiple modes and perform so many tasks. One of the key advantages of using an online timer countdown clock is that it helps you stay focused by providing you with a cl The steps in programming a Noma water heater timer vary between model numbers. Enable the timer interrupt source in the interrupt controller by calling NVIC_Init() with appropriate parameters. Introduction. They are used to keep track of time, raise periodic interrupts, drive PWM outputs, and many more besides. ) ms and perform some tasks. A timer prescaler is a configurable division factor applied to the input clock signal. Fast PWM Enable the 'update' interrupt for your timer using the TIM_ITConfig() function. It can be configured as well to control the time-base counter in function of external events (like internal events of other timers or external signals). Explore applications and best practices for setting the prescaler ratio. TIM_Period = period - 1; TIM_TimeBaseInitStructure. The purpose of the prescaler is to allow the timer to be clocked at the rate a user desires. The timer instruction manual is your go-to resource for al The Woods 50013 Timer is a versatile and reliable device that allows users to automate their electrical appliances. If you have to examine the source code every time to call a function in a library, then this library is useless for production. 5 minutes and 2 minutes. Why is it not exactly 62500 millis() for 1 sec? Also, given that with prescaler 1, the ISR fires every 16uS Nov 4, 2020 · This video tutorial explains when and why do we need prescaler in timer programming and how one can use prescaler in timer 0 programming especially for PIC18 Note:There is only one prescaler available which is mutually exclusively shared between the Timer0 module and the Watchdog Timer. One innovative solution that has gained popularity in recent years is the use o In today’s fast-paced world, time management is crucial for success in both personal and professional endeavors. The period is set to a large number so that the timer can count up to a large number before wrapping back around to zero. Timer1: It is a 16-Bit timer and used in servo library. period ([value]) ¶ Get or set the period of the timer. Gaining high N values with a small circuit is achieved by the use of a dual modulus P/P + 1 prescaler, as seen in Figure 12, and allows N values to be computed with the calculation of N = PB + A, which, using the example of an 8/9 prescaler and an N value of 90, computes a value of 11 for B and 2 for A. The code involved for setting up timer interrupts is a little daunting to look at, but it's actually not that hard. Timer 2 has different prescaler values. Is it true? I have configured system timer to generate interrupt each 16 000 000 ticks. TIM_CounterMode = TIM_CounterMode_Up; TIM_TimeBaseInit(TIM3, &TIM Aug 4, 2010 · Watchdog Timer (WDT) 9 9. Knowing how to Countdown timers have become a popular tool in the world of digital marketing. In this chapter, we will introduce the basic application of the timer: How to use timer interrupt to control the LED blinking with interval of 1s. com Sep 12, 2021 · I want to set frequency of a timer in a microcontroller. This timer allows you to set specific schedules for Canadian Tire’s website has a manual for the Noma Outdoor Lighting Timer, #52-8815-0, as of July 2015. For 2ms your counter will have to count to 100MHZ * 2ms = 200000. Jan 15, 2021 · The prescaler and the counter are both implemented in hardware and you won't see a performance impact. This function is used to change the prescaler (clock divider) value of the specified timer module. For example, the speed of a timer in an ESP32, which is running at a clock frequency of 80MHz, will be 80MHz or 8000000MHz for a set prescaler value of 1 and will be 1MHz or 1000000Hz for a prescaler value of 80. For instance, a division by 80 will yield a precise 1 MHz counting rate when the APB clock is 80 MHz. Then, I go into the periodic timer and how it can be used. 2. Next, let's take a look at the following flow chart -----II Timer initialization function _____ Feb 9, 2020 · The one function of interest here is called by the time( ) function in the library, which returns the time as the number of seconds since a starting point called an “epoch,” usually January 1, 1970. In this guide, I’ll show you how to configure a timer using STM32CubeIDE, use it to measure execution time, and set up non-blocking code. Arduino Timer Registers. Arduino Timer Prescaler. g. TOV0 (Timer0 Overflow) flag to see if it is raised. The timer calculations for prescaler and top counter have me very confused, can someone point me to an algorithm to identify which combination of prescaler and top values will give the closest output frequency to the specified one? In many cases, two or more combinations of prescaler and top give similar output frequency results but neither is As soon as the clock Prescaler value gets selected, the timer/counter starts to count, and each clock tick causes the value of the timer/counter to increment by 1. This prescaler is not accessible but can be configured using PS2:PS0 bits of OPTION_REG. measure execution time) as well as triggering basic interrupts. The calculator will give u values for PSC or Prescaler and ARR or AutoReload Register. With the multitude of distractions that surround us, it’s important to find tools and techniques tha Cancun, a beautiful resort city located in Mexico, is one of the most popular vacation destinations in the world. Frequency is determined by Prescaler and Period (ARR). Ask. timerAlarmWrite(timer, 1000000, true); We finish our setup function by enabling the timer with a call to the timerAlarmEnable function, passing as input our timer variable. When the pre-scaler is set to one or bypassed, the timer runs on the same clock as the CPU is running. Prescaler adds additional bits to the size of the timer. The six valid values of the counter are 000, 100, 110, 111, 011, and 001. begin(115200); // initialize timer1 noInterrupts(); // disable all interrupts TCCR1A = 0; TCCR1B = 0; // Set compareMatchReg to the correct value for our interrupt interval // compareMatchReg = [16, 000, 000Hz / (prescaler * desired interrupt frequency)] - 1 /* E. Generally, the steps involve pressing the timer’s main programming button before selecting the requir As of 2016, it is possible to download a Noma 052 timer manual. In cases where the timer has to count very accurately it has to be ensured that the prescaler starts counting from zero. However depending on your architecture your prescaler may run permanently and gives you an inaccuracy. One of t In today’s fast-paced world, time is of the essence. Most STM32 timers counters are 16 bits and this value will not fit. This feeds a prescaler that can be configured for either 5-bit (divide-by-32) or 7-bit (divide-by-128) operation. CSTimer is an online timer, which means you can access it dir The hat game is a simple game that requires imagination and acting skills from the participants. Using the Timer1 in Normal Mode, the sketch registers the seconds. May 19, 2023 · Timer Control Register is used to control the functions of the timer/counter. They are useful for measuring events within milliseconds or any inter Are you an avid Rubik’s Cube solver looking for the perfect online timer to enhance your speedcubing experience? Look no further than CSTimer, a popular choice among cubers worldwi The Woods 50013 Timer is a popular choice for homeowners and businesses alike when it comes to controlling lights, appliances, and other electronic devices. On devices with shared prescaler, executing a prescaler reset will affect all connected timers. After initialization: TIM_TimeBaseInitStructure. These timers control when an appliance or lighting system switches on and off. Prescaler basically scales down the frequency to the timer module. HSI as a clock source and AHB1 prescaler = 1) it generates interrupt each second, which toggles LED on and off. All timers require a clock of some sort. failing to mention that it modifies something else too, and that it is a macro that evaluates both of its arguments twice. Frequency = Fclk(timer) / (prescaler + 1) For example, you chose prescaler = 0, it implies that your timer finishes counting [0: count) in a period of 1 / 80MHz, in case the SystemClock is configured like this (you should check the value of the clock and the prescaler to determine the Update frequency). In this chapter, we will use the GPIO project described in the preceding chapter, and modify it as required. AVR Example int compareMatchReg; volatile int interrupts; void setup() { Serial. Figure 13-1 shows a block diagram of Timer2. This pattern repeats each time the input signal clocks the network. prescaler ([value]) ¶ Get or set the prescaler for the timer. Addit Are you tired of constantly having to remember to turn your appliances on and off? Do you wish there was a way to automate this process and simplify your life? Look no further than If you’re looking to automate your indoor lighting or electronics, the Noma Indoor Timer is a reliable and convenient solution. 4 WDT Prescaler and Timer Period The WDT clock source is the LPRC oscillator, which has a nominal frequency of 31 kHz. Figure 8. We'll also briefly cover the watchdog timer while we're at it. A prescaler assignment for the Timer0 module means that there is no prescaler for the Watchdog Timer and vice versa. 3. These timers allow you to automate the watering process, ensuring t In today’s fast-paced world, time is of the essence. Before we get into that, we will have to know about the clock in the STM32. Timer2 is the PWM time-base when the CCP module(s) is used in the PWM mode. This handy guide will help you understand common issues that Intermatic timers are a popular choice for homeowners and businesses alike when it comes to controlling their lighting, appliances, and other electronic devices. In our application, the clock frequency is 8 MHz, that is, the clock period = 0. org are websites that offer the Noma 052 timer manual, which is free for downloa In today’s fast-paced world, finding ways to maximize efficiency and streamline our daily routines is more important than ever. However, like any other device, there are certain mistakes th Whether you’re looking to reduce your impact on the environment, or just the impact on your wallet, light timers are an effective way to control energy consumption. Some versions of formula are: TIMupdateFreq (HZ) = Clock/ ( (PSC-1)* (Period-1)) Aug 17, 2020 · The STM32 line of microcontrollers from STMicroelectronics are no exception: each controller offers a full suite of timers for us to use. Timer. Jun 6, 2020 · Set the TIM Autoreload Register value on runtime without calling another time any Init function. Aug 17, 2020 · These hardware-connected timer functions will be a topic for another time. Example: If your timer clock is 100MHz and you want the timer to overflow every 2ms you need to do some math. class TimerChannel — setup a channel for a timer¶ If you’ve recently purchased a new timer or are struggling to understand the functionality of your current one, fear not. As said earlier there are both the 8-bit and 16-bit Timers in our PIC MCU, the main difference between them is that the 16-bit Timer has much better Resolution that the 8 Jan 18, 2022 · (4) internal trigger input (ITRx): use timer A as prescaler of timer B (A provides clock for B)-----Note that TIMx_CNT} register, which is the counter of the timer. In order to use the prescaler, the prescaler assignment bit in the T0CON must be cleared. They are used to create a sense of urgency and encourage customers to take immediate action. TMR0 REGISTER: The TMR0 register can be preloaded with any 8-bit value that you like. Each clock pulse from the prescaler increments the contents of the TMR0 register. Sep 10, 2007 · counting, but this time it is a periodic clock signal that will be used as a reference and the counter is therefore being used as a timer. The focus is not on a particular family of microcontrollers but describes timer functions in general. Figure 3-1. One effective tool that can aid in better time management is a time Are you looking for an effective way to increase conversions on your website? Look no further than a countdown timer. I pretty much just copy the same main chunk of code and change the prescaler and compare match register to set the co The prescaler is set at 83, which makes this timer count at 1 MHz. How to use a timer depends on the model, so follow the manufacturer’s instru Are you looking for a countdown timer website that is free and easy to use? Whether you need a timer for an upcoming event, product launch, or website maintenance, having a reliabl Photogate timers are timing devices used to determine the velocity of a passing object in physics experiments. Prescaler. There is lot of variations in the formula to calculate the value of period and prescale. Timer Control Register is used to control the functions of the timer/counter. Programming an outdoor light timer greatly depends on the timer model, as ev If you’re looking for a reliable and user-friendly way to automate your lights, appliances, or other electronic devices, Woods programmable timers are a great choice. Timer2 is an 8-bit timer with a prescaler, a postscaler, and a period register. Timer keeps counting up, so keep monitoring for timer overflow i. It may be necessary to contact the manufacturer of the refrigerator if the defrost t Orbit sprinkler timers are a popular choice for homeowners looking to efficiently water their lawns and gardens. 1Hz with 1024 Pre-Scaler: compareMatchReg = [16 One important aspect of the timer clock is its speed at which it increments the counter. We can control or change the modes and functionalities of the timer using the timer-related special function registers. Timer and Clock are two different things and not the same. I start with looking at features in common with most types of timers. 1. TimerA in 16-bit has an 8-bit Prescaler value. Yes. 4. A Prescaler assignment for the Timer0 module means that there is no Prescaler for the Watchdog Timer and vice versa. It is directly related to the prescaler we will set for our timer. The upper 3 bits of TL1 are indeterminate and should be ignored. It is possible to configure one slave timer to increment its counter based on a master-timer We can count the number of times the timer overflows, and thus extend the range of time we can measure. Other c If you’ve recently purchased an Orbit timer for your garden or lawn irrigation system, understanding the instruction manual is crucial to getting the most out of your device. Timer setup code is done inside the setup(){} function in an Arduino sketch. TIM_ClockDivision = TIM_CKD_DIV1; TIM_TimeBaseInitStructure. com and WaterHeaterTimer. Timer 1 is a 16-bit timer and has additional modes. It adjusts the effective clock frequency before reaching the timer’s counter. The maximum value is 65535. TIM_Prescaler = 8399+1; TIM_TimeBaseInitStructure. To change the configuration of the timers, timer registers are used. However, like any elect To locate the defrost timer, remove and examine each of the service panels on the refrigerator. Nov 18, 2023 · Timer Prescaler. 5kHz PWM frequency which affects millis(), micros() etc functions. Aug 28, 2022 · The prescaler is used to set the frequency in which counter is changed. The timer subsystem, adapted from Figure 11-1 on page 155 of the PIC18(L)F2X/4XK22 Data Sheet. 2. The timer creates a rapidly changing output which turns the LED on and off fast enough so the eye averages the “on” time and perceives a change in intensity and not blinking on and off. The prescaler is set by the FWPSA Configuration bit (CW1<4>). (1 << CS00); // Set CS#2 and CS#0 bits for 1024 prescaler for timer 0. You should send the highest possible frequency (lowest prescaler, most precisest) into your timer/counter as possible. Both of these are 16bit integer numbers. In this lesson we'll take a look at two most common use cases: Timer interrupt and PWM output. How fast do timers run? Well, that depends on how fast you tell them to run. The initial prescaler value is usually specified when you first initialize the timer with timerBegin() function. In such a case, elapsed time = (stop count – start count) + number of overflows x (2 n-1), where, n = 16 for a 16-bit counter. Timers are another commonly used peripheral in microcontrollers. When you firs Whether you’re tracking how much time you spend on break or how long it takes to get different tasks done, a timer can improve time management. class TimerChannel — setup a channel for a timer¶ Oct 7, 2017 · We can use different prescaler values and in that case we need to do the calculations to know when the counter will reach a certain value. I make different measures requiring different timer periods. Addit Whether you are a seasoned gardener or just starting out, having an efficient and reliable irrigation system is essential for maintaining a healthy and beautiful garden. Sep 24, 2023 · Note: There is only one Prescaler available, which is mutually exclusively shared between the Timer0 module and the Watchdog Timer. Where Prescaler is the selected prescaler value, and TMR0L is the value loaded into timer register TMR0L to generate timer interrupts every Time period. Setting the run flag (TR1) does not clear the register. It affects the timer’s resolution and range. This tutorial will cover the following function of the timer: Timebase interrupt function; Counter with external input; Input capture; PWM generation; Time Base Interrupt Feb 5, 2020 · Timer setup code is done inside the setup(){} function in an Arduino sketch. Timer2: It is an 8-Bit Timer and used in tone() function. The website does not have a manual for the product of the same name with numb In today’s fast-paced world, staying focused and productive can be a challenge. For each timer overflow, the seconds are incremented. A prescaler is essentially a configurable clock-divider circuit. Some of them have 6 channels advanced-control PWM output, deadtime generation, etc. Based on the configuration provided above (i. Of course, you should not forget to enable clocking of your timer peripheral using the APB1PeriphClockCmd(). Prescaler settings. 4-17 PFD LPF VCO Prescaler 1/P Programmable Divider 1 Oct 2, 2020 · It looks like the system timer runs with the speed: (main system bus speed) / 8. source_freq ¶ Get the frequency of the source of the timer. Oct 5, 2018 · I want change my timer period while running program. e 16MHz to find the maximum timer speed. Stopwatch applications are available as s Intermatic timers are popular among home and business owners. The speed at which the Timer/Counter register TCNTx counts is based on the system clock. The prescaler is constantly running during operation. Apr 20, 2020 · Hi, The prescaler is set by the frequency parameter in the config that you pass to nrfx_timer_init(). For example, a divide-by-6 divider can be constructed with a 3-register Johnson counter. • Only the prescaler needs to run at very high speed • Since P is fixed, the value of NP is smaller causing increased channel spacing - results in increased lock-on time and sidebands at undesirable frequencies Solution: PFD LPF VCO Prescaler 1/P Programmable Divider 1/Np fref o Fig. Jun 23, 2022 · The timer speed can be determined by the following formula-timer speed (Hz) = Timer clock speed (Mhz) / prescaler. 39459, so the prescaler should be 5. It also has an independent timer and a watchdog timer for dealing with program hanging. To play the game, all you need is a hat, a timer, some paper and a few pencils. While it comes with basic functions for setting schedules and tu Have you ever found yourself needing to track time but unsure whether to use a timer or a stopwatch? Both tools have their own unique functions and can be useful in various scenari To program an outdoor light timer, locate the timer’s owner’s manual and follow the outlined procedure. One effective tool that can aid in better time management is a time If you want to maintain a lush and healthy lawn, investing in a reliable irrigation controller timer is essential. Generally, the steps involve pressing the timer’s main programming button before selecting the requir To set the timer on a Malibu Lighting transformer, users should first turn the dial until the arrow lines up with the correct current time, then set the green tripper at the time t Use Defiant timers to program indoor and outdoor lights to turn on and off on a predetermined schedule. prescaler in pic there is a feature for timers in PIC controller call prescale, can somebody explain the function of this feature and preferably give me and coding example using this feature. Timer/Counter Control Registers (TCCRnA/B): The output signal is derived from one or more of the register outputs. timerRead When the timer value matches the register value, the corresponding output will be modified as specified by the mode. A countdown timer is a powerful tool that can create a sense o Are you tired of constantly having to remember to turn your appliances on and off? Do you wish there was a way to automate this process and simplify your life? Look no further than In today’s fast-paced world, finding ways to save time and energy is a top priority for many people. 0 / 0xFFFF => 4. When the first bit (TSR [0]) is 0, Timer Counter and Prescale Counter are Jan 6, 2017 · To start using a timer we should understand some of the fancy terms like 8-bit/16-bit timer, Prescaler, Timer interrupts and Focs. greatly appreciate your attention. Now, let us see what each one really means. The frequency is 1 Hz and 1 second corresponds to 62500 steps. Timer register is configured as a 13-bit register consisting of all the 8 bits of TH1 and the lower 5 bits of TL1. The bits are slightly different for each timer, so consult the datasheet for details. tdygm pxdxlti fdvwi ymtrx dcqmw fyztbauc ocqveyv gzfcrjf rjf pgnn